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| 431 BC |
| | A sudden attack on Plataea (an ally of Athens) by Thebes (an ally of Sparta) begins the Second Peloponnesian War | |
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| 430 BC |
| | A plague strikes Athens in the second year of the Peloponnesian War | |
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| 218 BC |
| | Hannibal crosses the Alps with his elephants, beginning the Second Punic War | |
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| 217 BC |
| | Hannibal surprises and traps a Roman army on a narrow plain beside Lake Trasimene | |
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| 216 BC |
| | Hannibal destroys a Roman army at Cannae, in the most severe defeat ever suffered by Rome | |
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| 202 BC |
| | Hannibal suffers his first decisive defeat by a Roman army, at an unidentified site in north Africa called Zama | |
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| 201 BC |
| | Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War | |
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| -82 BC |
| | Sulla takes Rome for the second time, after a battle at the Colline Gate, and then publishes his lethal 'proscriptions' | |
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